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List of Grand Canyon Rock Layers
What is Grand Canyon Stratigraphy?
Kaibab Formation
Toroweap Formation
Coconino Sandstone
Hermit Formation
Supai Group
Redwall Limestone
Tonto Group
Muav Limestone
Bright Angel Shale
Tapeats Sandstone
Vishnu Complex
Hermit Formation
Permian Period, 285 Million Years Old, 300 Feet Thick
Red slope below the white Coconino cliff
The Hermit Formation redbeds provide much of the red color that paints Grand Canyon. The red
color is from iron oxide—these rocks are rusty! Though it is often called the Hermit Shale, most of
the Hermit is not shale but siltstone or mudstone mixed with fine grained sandstone. All these are soft, fine
grained sedimentary rocks, weathering to form gentle slopes--as in this photo of Isis Temple.
The white rocks at the top of the temple are Coconino Sandstone.
The Hermit Formation forms a red slope below the Coconino Sandstone cliff. Animal tracks, mud cracks and raindrop imprints prove that the Hermit was often exposed to air--a terrestrial formation like the Coconino Sandstone. At other times, floods brought in siltstone and limestone pebbles. Hermit Formation fossils include invertebrate tracks and trails, insect impressions including a large dragonfly, and many types of worm burrows. There are also plant fossils in abundance, especially ferns and conifers. All these fossils and sediments paint a picture of a semi-arid lowland where meandering rivers ran between forested banks.
The following story pretends that people were alive when this formation was laid down. But it was long before people. The purpose is to immerse ourselves in the time period--to imagine being there.
Our Tribe in Hermit Time
The mountains far to the east brought us this red mud. We have a well-worn trail to the river. Green ferns line the path, which is accented with pine and horsetail. The air buzzes with blue and orange dragonflies. Sometimes after a flood this river changes its course, as it has always done. We re-locate to higher ground, build new houses, raise our restless children. Cracking scrolls tell us we have lived this way for ten thousand years.
Today, we have the perspective of all this being 285 million years ago, and we know 10,000 years is nothing.